Assessment of clinical pharmacy interventions in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND Clinical pharmacy services have been shown to reduce adverse drug events and health care costs. However, few studies have assessed their effect on patient outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU). OBJECTIVE To describe characteristics of ICU patients with documented pharmacist interventions and to evaluate the relationships between patients' complexity level and pharmacists' interventions and between pharmacists' interventions and mortality rate. METHODS Inpatient records of admissions between January 1, 2004, and March 31, 2007, were analyzed to identify the presence of clinical pharmacy notes (CPNs). The characteristics of patients with and without CPNs were compared using descriptive statistics. For primary analysis of the association between patient complexity level and presence of CPNs, logistic regression modelling was performed to adjust for potential confounding. Logistic regression was also used to explore the possible association between CPNs and mortality. Finally, mortality analysis was carried out for patients with and without CPNs, with matching by complexity level. RESULTS The main study cohort comprised 1561 patients: 333 (21.3%) with CPNs and 1228 (78.7%) with no CPNs. A greater proportion of those with a CPN had the highest complexity level: 295 (88.6%) of those with CPNs versus 660 (53.7%) of those with no CPNs. After adjustment for age and sex, the odds ratio for having a CPN among patients with complexity level 4 (relative to patients with lower complexity levels) was 8.20 (95% confidence interval 5.44-12.38). Mortality rates were not significantly different between the 2 groups: 26.7% (89/333) among patients with CPNs and 27.9% (343/1228) among those without CPNs (p = 0.66). After adjustment for age, sex, complexity level, and length of stay in the ICU, the presence of a CPN was not significantly associated with mortality. Mortality rates in the matched cohort (n = 1078) were also similar between patients with and without CPNs (89/333 [26.7%] and 226/745 [30.3%], respectively; p = 0.23), and the presence of a CPN was not significantly associated with mortality after adjustments for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION Documenting clinical pharmacy activities is essential for assessing pharmacists' impact on patient outcomes. These data suggest that ICU pharmacists prioritize clinical activities to care for the sickest patients.